Meneroka Pendidikan 5.0Meneroka berasal dari kata tarukoyang berarti membuka lahan baru. Dalam hal pendidikan, kegiatan meneroka hingga kini terus menerus dilakukan guna mengoptimalkan kemampuan generasi muda. Meneroka tentunya tidak sekedar membuat kebaruan melainkan juga mempertimbangkan kembermanfaatan hinga efisiensinya. Perkembangan internet dan teknologi merupakan dasar bagi para pendidik hingga pemangku kebijakan untuk mulai meneroka pendidikan model baru. Perlahan tapi pasti, masyarakat global sudah mulai meninggalakan era 4.0 menuju era 5.0.Jepang adalah negara yang menginisasi terbentuknya era ini. Bahkan, Jepang menamakannya masyarakat 5.0 atau masyarakat super pintar(smart society).
Sejarah pembentukan masyarakat 5.0. dimulai dari masyarakat 1.0 atau masyarakat berburu. Masyarakat ini berdampingan dengan alam, lahirnya manusia. Setelah itu, perkembangan menuju masyarakat 2.0 atau masyarakat agraris. Masyarakat ini mengintegrasikan teknik bercocok tanam, sekitar abad 1.300 sebelum Masehi. Kemudian masyarakat 3.0, atau masyarakat industri. Masyarakat ini ditandai dengan penemuan mesin uap dan beranjak pada produksi masal. Ini merupakan akhir abad 18. Lalu masyarakat 4.0 yang dipengaruhi oleh komputer dan ditribusi data begitu cepat atau kita menyebutnya sebagai masyarakat informasi. Ini terjadi pada pertengahan abad 20. Saat ini, masyarakat informasi tersebut berubah menjadi masyarakat yang mampu memanfaatkan informasi (data, robot, hingga kecerdasan buatan). Inilah masyarakat 5.0
Wujud masyarakat 5.0 ini berupa kemampuan masyarakat menggunakan teknologi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Mulai dari transportasi, kesehatan, hingga gaya hidup. Kecerdasan buatan dipadukan dengan kemampuan manusia untuk mengoprasikannya. Tujuan dari masyarakat 5.0 adalah membuat segala sesuatunya terpusat pada manusia. Masyarakat 5.0 dibentuk karena memperhatikan kebutuhan masyarakat Jepang yang semakin kompleks, mulai dari wilayah, gender, bahasa dan semua hal yang membutuhkan penanganan. Kunci dari masyarakat 5.0 adalah menggabungkan antara dunia maya (cyber space) dengan dunia nyata (real space). Agar kunci tersebut dapat terealisasi maka langkah utama yang dilakukan adalah membenahi sektor pendidikan.
Berdasarkan sumber dari Intelegence of Global Japan (2018) strategi yang dilakukan dalam bidang pendidikan untuk mewujudkan masyarakat 5.0 adalah mengkonstruksi kelas yang fleksibel sejak pendidikan dasar.Nantinya tidak ada siswa yang tidak naik atau dipaksakan lulus total. Contohnya, apabilaada siswa di kelas lima mau naik ke kelas enam tapi tidak bisa matematika, maka pada kelas selanjutnya boleh mengambil lagi matematika kelas lima, yang penting siswa tahu apa yang mereka butuhkan.
Di era google, manusia tidak perlu lagi menghafal setiap fakta. Penekananya harus pada keterampilan utama manusia seperti komunikasi, kepemimpinan, daya tahan, keingintahuan, dan keterampilan membaca. Mata pelajaran sudah tidak lagi dibedakan antara IPA dan IPS tapi semua itu sudah harus terintegrasi. Filsafat, sains, bahasa, dan matematika tidak boleh terpisah. Contohnya belajar fisika juga harus belajar tentang filsafat. Di massa depan nanti, belajar teori fisika tapi tak paham tentang etika maka percuma saja.
Pembenahan sistem pendidikan 5.0 tidak hanya terjadi pada sistem pendidikan dasar dan menengah, melainkan hingga pendidikan tinggi. Berdasarkan temuan dari Sean Carton (2017) ada enam hal yang harus dimiliki oleh universitas masa depan, yaitu (1) akuntabel, (2) berorientasi nilai, (3) interaktif, (4) berbasis realitas, (5) fleksibel, dan (6) personal. Universitas yang akuntabel berarti mampu mempertanggungjawabkan keputusan. Berorientasi nilai berarti mengedepankan kualitas. Interaktif berarti mengutamakan komunikasi dua arah. Berbasis realitas berarti sesuai dengn kenyataan atau ada bukti bukti kongkret yang disajikan pada peserta didik. Ini memang terkesan pragmatis tapi begitulah kondisinya. Mahasiswa sekarang membutuhkan bukti. Fleksibel berarti mampu beradaptasi dengan kebutuhan mahasiswa. Hal terakhir adalah personal, yaitu kemampuan untuk membedakan serta membimbing sekaligus mengembangkan talenta setiap mahasiswa. Satu tempat untuk semua atau satu materi untuk semua sudah bukan lagi hal yang cocok. Dosen harus mampu memahami serta membantu mahasiswa menemukan bakatnya kemudian menjadi fasilitator bagi mahasiswa untuk mengembangkan bakat tersebut secara bersama-sama.
Sebelum sampai pada tahap smart society, tentu Jepang sudah memulainya dengan imajinasi dan pola pikir kritis. Menurut Tony Wagner, imajinasi dan kemampuan berpikir kritis merupakan pola pikir yang dimiliki negara maju sehingga membedakannya dengan negara berkembang. Jika imajinasi dan berpikir kritis merupakan landasan berpikir bagi negara maju, Jepang sudah melakukannya sejak komik Doraemon 1987. Komik yang bercerita tentang robot abad 21 yang membantu manusia itu memang dirasa khayal dan fiksi belaka oleh pembacanya. Tidak sedikit yang mengatakan bahwa hal itu tidak mungkin. Namun siapa yang menduga, sekitar dua puluh tahun setelah Doraemon diluncurkan, kolaborasi antara manusia dan robot benar-benar ada. Saat ini Jepang menciptakan generasi yang berfokus pada massa depan yang mengagetkan, khususnya karena kemajuan teknologi. Dalam rangka mengantisipasi kekuatan teknologi yang serba tidak terduga, maka Jepang berfokus pada kekuatan manusia. Untuk mewujudkan generasi tersebut, maka sistem pendidikan 5.0 perlu dioptimalkan.Cara terbaik adalah mendayagunakan imajinasi dan pola pikir kritis siswa hingga mahasiswa, bukan mengekangnya. Sudahkah kita membuka pola pikir kritis serta imajinasi siswa hingga mahasiswa kita? Atau kita justru mengekangnya karena takut tidak mampu menjawab kebtuhan mereka? Silahkan dijawab dalam hati, karena jawaban dari hati itulah yang menjadi tolak ukur kesiapan atau ketertinggalan kita menjadi bagian dari model pendidikan 5.0.
Penulis adalah Ardi Wina Saputra
Dosen Universitas Katolik Widya Mandala Madiun
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